Required practicals

Prepare a solution of accurately known concentration, then use it in a simple acid–base titration to determine an unknown concentration.

Measure the temperature change for a chemical process and use calorimetry to determine its molar enthalpy change.

Investigate how temperature affects reaction rate by timing a fixed, reproducible visual endpoint.

Identify selected Group 2 and ammonium cations and halide, hydroxide, carbonate and sulfate anions using a logical sequence of small-scale tests.

Prepare cyclohexene by acid-catalysed dehydration of cyclohexanol, purify it using a separating funnel and distillation, then assess its yield and purity.

Use the minimum valid sequence of test-tube reactions to distinguish alcohol, aldehyde, alkene and carboxylic acid samples.

Measure how changing one reactant concentration affects initial rate using both a fixed-endpoint clock method and continuous monitoring.

Construct an electrochemical cell, measure its EMF and relate the polarity to feasible redox reactions and cell notation.

Measure and interpret pH curves for a weak acid with a strong base and a strong acid with a weak base.

Prepare, purify and test a solid organic product and a liquid organic product using two distinct work-up branches.

Identify solutions containing the specified Al^3+, Fe^2+, Cu^2+ and Fe^3+ aqua ions from test-tube reactions and equations (Al^3+ is included in the 7405 metal-aqua-ion set although aluminium is not a transition metal).

Separate mixture components by thin-layer chromatography and use standards and Rf values as comparative evidence.