Chemical analysis questions

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• AQA 8462 · June 2025 · Paper 2F · Q1 · 10 marks

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  [01.4] Only a quarter of students correctly identified barium chloride solution. Sodium chloride solution was the most common distractor.

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  This question is about chemical analysis.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2025 · Paper 2F · Q10 · 9 marks

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  [10.1] Over half of students achieved a Level 1 response for comparing the values given in the table. To achieve a higher level, links were required, why comparisons made a difference, and a judgement was required for Level 3. Too many students quoted values from the table with no ‘added value’ and no credit was given for this.

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  Doors can be aluminium or wood. Aluminium comes from metal ore, costs 87 relative units/kg, has relative strength 1.3, needs no corrosion protection and is remelted. Wood comes from trees, costs 1, has strength 1.0, needs paint against rotting and can be shredded for fuel.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2025 · Paper 2H · Q3 · 9 marks

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  [03.2] Fewer than 1 in 5 students achieved both marks on this item. There was much confusion, with many referring to aluminium oxide as a form of sacrificial protection rather than a physical unreactive barrier. Many also referred to corrosion of aluminium as rusting. Some referred to protecting aluminium from contact with unspecified particles. Some referred to galvanizing, which is incorrect on two levels; it is a coating with zinc not aluminium oxide, and it is a method of sacrificial protection rather than just a barrier.

  Text version

  Doors can be aluminium or wood. Aluminium comes from metal ore, costs 87 relative units/kg, has relative strength 1.3, needs no corrosion protection and is remelted. Wood comes from trees, costs 1, has strength 1.0, needs paint against rotting and can be shredded for fuel.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2025 · Paper 2H · Q5 · 11 marks

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  [05.5] Around three quarters of students correctly identified propene. The most common incorrect response was butene. Very few students did not identify an alkene.

  Text version

  This question is about unsaturated hydrocarbons. Boiling points: C₂H₄ -104 °C, C₃H₆ -47 °C, C₄H₈ unknown, C₅H₁₀ 30 °C, C₆H₁₂ 63 °C.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2025 · Paper 2H · Q6 · 11 marks

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  [06.1] Three quarters of students correctly identified either calcium or magnesium. A few students gained credit for zinc.

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  A student analysed ionic solutions A, B and C. A gave a white precipitate with a few drops of sodium hydroxide. B gave an orange-red flame and a white precipitate after nitric acid then silver nitrate. C effervesced with nitric acid and more slowly with equal-concentration ethanoic acid.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2F · Q6 · 7 marks

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  [06.7] ‘Sustainable’ is a poorly understood term with only one third of students correctly answering this question. Incorrect responses included reference to different stages in a life cycle assessment including comparisons in terms of the environmental consequences of different disposal methods for each material. Some students struggled to express that paper was made from a renewable resource, suggesting that paper is renewable or that paper can be regrown.

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  This question is about addition reactions and polymers. Poly(chloroethene) has density 1.5 g/cm³ and completely melts at 260 °C; poly(ethene) has density 0.9 g/cm³ and completely melts at 120 °C.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2F · Q7 · 10 marks

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  [07.5] This question proved to be easier than that for the concrete bridge with over 50% of students gaining one mark and over 35% gaining both marks. Responses which did not gain credit again included those that failed to make a valid comparison or those that simply quoted data from the table.

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  Pre-stressed concrete contains high-carbon steel bars. Limestone, mainly calcium carbonate, is used to produce concrete. Plain concrete costs £75/m³, density 2300 kg/m³, strength 600 units; pre-stressed concrete costs £225/m³, density 2500 kg/m³, strength 3000 units.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2F · Q8 · 10 marks

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  [08.5] More than one in two students correctly calculated the mean concentration of sodium chloride and gained two marks. Fewer than one in five students correctly calculated the percentage. The remaining students either failed to progress in the calculation or attempted to calculate a percentage, frequently missing multiplying by one hundred, or getting the expression upside down. Many students incorrectly identified one of the concentrations as being anomalous despite this not being asked for in the q uestion. The only possible anomaly would be 36.4g/dm3 and omitting only this value allowed students access to one of the two marks for the calculation of the mean concentration.

  Text version

  A student identified sodium and chloride ions in an aqueous salt solution, then evaporated 25.0 cm³ samples to constant mass in pre-weighed dishes. Four calculated NaCl concentrations were 35.2, 34.6, 36.4 and 33.8 g/dm³.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2F · Q9 · 6 marks

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  [09.4] Over 25% of students either correctly labelled the products and reactants or correctly drew an arrow, labelled the activation energy, and gained one mark. A further 10% of students gained two marks by doing both correctly. There were many variations of drawing and labelling the arrow for the activation energy. Some students mistakenly labelled the peak as being the activation energy or despite the dotted line drew the arrow too short or at an angle. Many students incorrectly identified the reactants and products from the equation or used nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia from the previous question. Other students were unsure where the reactants and products would be located on a reaction profile diagram.

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  Figure 10 shows the Haber process: nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas enter a reactor containing a metal catalyst at 450 °C and 200 atmospheres; the reactor gases pass to a condenser; liquid ammonia leaves the condenser; Pipe P returns the remaining condenser gas to the reactor. Nitric acid is produced from ammonia and oxygen, with platinum as catalyst: ammonia + oxygen -> water + nitric acid.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2H · Q1 · 10 marks

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  [01.5] This calculation was generally answered well by most students. Around two-thirds gained all four marks by completing the calculation using one of the approaches given on the mark scheme and usually showing full details of their working. Those who did not complete the calculation usually gained two marks for correctly determining the mean concentration of sodium chloride.

  Text version

  A student identified sodium and chloride ions in an aqueous salt solution, then evaporated 25.0 cm³ samples to constant mass in pre-weighed dishes. Four calculated NaCl concentrations were 35.2, 34.6, 36.4 and 33.8 g/dm³.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2H · Q2 · 6 marks

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  [02.2] This question was answered well by the majority of students, with roughly two-thirds of students gaining the mark.

  Text version

  Figure 1 shows the Haber process: nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas enter a reactor containing a metal catalyst at 450 °C and 200 atmospheres; the reactor gases pass to a condenser; liquid ammonia leaves the condenser; Pipe P returns the remaining condenser gas to the reactor. Nitric acid is produced from ammonia and oxygen, with platinum as catalyst: ammonia + oxygen -> water + nitric acid.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2H · Q4 · 13 marks

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  [04.1] Those students who gained marks, mostly did so by stating that the yellow dye travelled further up the page. Fewer students were able to explain that this was due to a weaker attraction between the dye and the chromatography paper. These students did not act on the instruction given in the question to refer to the force of attraction between the dyes and the chromatography paper, instead referring to the relative solubilities of the dyes, or their attraction to the solvent. Around 30% gained both marks.

  Text version

  An orange dye A was separated by paper chromatography. Experiment 1 used water: yellow and red spots formed, with yellow farther from the start line. Experiment 2 used ethanol: the same two colours formed and the yellow spot travelled farther than in Experiment 1. A different orange dye B produced one orange spot in ethanol.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2024 · Paper 2H · Q7 · 8 marks

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  [07.2] This multiple-choice question was well answered with two-thirds of students gaining the mark.

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  Sulfur dioxide and oxygen reach dynamic equilibrium: 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2SO₃(g). The supplied yield graph shows that sulfur trioxide yield becomes smaller as temperature rises. Industry uses 450 °C, atmospheric pressure, 86% yield and a metal-oxide catalyst.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2F · Q1 · 6 marks

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  [01.1] Just over three quarters of students identified the correct planet, with the other distractors being roughly equally selected.

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  This question is about oxygen. Scientists think there was little or no oxygen in the Earth's early atmosphere. Some scientists think that 1100 million years ago the atmosphere contained 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is produced when manganese dioxide is added to hydrogen peroxide solution: hydrogen peroxide -> water + oxygen.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2F · Q3 · 1 mark

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  [03.5] More than two thirds of the students correctly identified the dye with the largest Rf value. Around one-fifth thought that the red spot had largest Rf value.

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  This question is about paper chromatography. A correctly completed chromatogram of an orange dye produced three separated spots.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2F · Q8 · 10 marks

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  [08.4] Only 25% of students were able to give the correct test and result for hydrogen gas. Weaker responses failed to include the test and only described the result usually as a squeaky pop and gained no marks. Incorrect tests were less commonly seen but the most frequent incorrect test used was a glowing splint.

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  A student investigated the rate of the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is produced. The student added 50 cm³ acid and 2.0 g zinc, quickly stoppered the flask, timed collection of 20 cm³ gas and repeated. Rates (cm³/s) were 0.78, 0.81, 0.68 and 0.81.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2F · Q9 · 7 marks

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  [09.1] The calculation discriminated well. More than 25% of students successfully completed the calculation, usually showing full details of their working. Students need to be sufficiently familiar with their calculator to understand when it is appropriate to include a recurring dot over one or more digits, and also when it is not. Weaker responses included rounding errors.

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  Alcohols are used as fuels. Energy released by burning 1.00 g: ethanol C₂H₅OH 29.6 kJ/g; propanol 33.6; butanol 36.1; pentanol 37.7; hexanol 38.9; heptanol 39.8. Carbon dioxide from combustion is tested with limewater. Ethanoic acid can be produced from ethanol.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2F · Q10 · 8 marks

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  [10.1] This extended response question used the command word ‘plan’. A simplistic approach to the level descriptors might be: Level 3 – will produce the expected outcomes. Level 2 – might produce the expected outcomes with additions or modifications. Level 1 – will not produce the expected outcomes. However, the marking of extended response questions must always be holistic, so a best- fit approach must always be followed. Key steps were shown in the indicative content in bold. Most students found this question very difficult with only around 6% of students managing at least a mark in Level 2 and only 25% of students gaining at least 1 mark. The flame test for the potassium ions was seen more often than the test for the bromide ion, with some students identifying the flame colour but not being able to describe how to carry out the test. Many responses failed to include putting the sample of medicine on the wire or making it clear that the Bunsen was lit. A number of students placed the wire under the Bunsen or did not make it clear that the Bunsen was lit. Some students thought that they needed to sterilise an inoculating loop before using in a flame test. Many students mixed up the tests by carrying out flame tests on all the reagents. The test for bromide ions was poorly understood with less than 1% of students recognising that silver nitrate should be added to the medicine and being able to state the correct test result. Around one-fifth of students scored a Level 1 mark by using the medicine or correct test result in their response and including some relevant points in the correct context from the question.

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  Potassium bromide is used in medicine. A scientist tested a water-soluble sample for potassium ions and bromide ions. Available: Bunsen burner, metal wire, test tubes, dropping pipette, distilled water, dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2H · Q1 · 10 marks

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  [01.2] The vast majority of students used the main approach on the mark scheme. Around three- quarters of students scored all the marks. Of those who didn’t, the majority scored 4 marks by failing to discard the anomalous result in MP1. Weaker responses typically calculated the mean rate of 0.80 cm3/s but were able to take the process further and gained two marks.

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  A student investigated the rate of the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid. Hydrogen gas is produced during this reaction. This is the method used. 1. Add 50 cm³ of sulfuric acid to a conical flask. 2. Add 2.0 g of zinc to the conical flask. 3. Quickly put a stopper in the conical flask and start a timer. 4. Measure the time taken to collect 20 cm³ of gas. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 three more times.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2H · Q2 · 7 marks

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  [02.3] Around two-thirds of students gained this mark. The answer, within the tolerances stated in the mark scheme, was estimated from the plotted points alone, and was as stated in the mark scheme unless misplotted points (usually for hexanol and/or heptanol) suggested otherwise.

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  This question is about alcohols and carboxylic acids. Alcohols are used as fuels. A student burned 1.00 g of six alcohols and determined the energy released from each. Table 2 shows the results (Alcohol | Formula | Energy released in kJ/g): Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, 29.6; Propanol, C₃H₇OH, 33.6; Butanol, C₄H₉OH, 36.1; Pentanol, C₅H₁₁OH, 37.7; Hexanol, C₆H₁₃OH, 38.9; Heptanol, C₇H₁₅OH, 39.8.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2H · Q3 · 8 marks

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  [03.3] This question was generally answered well, with ‘more accurate’ being the most common correct advantage of flame emission spectroscopy given. However, a minority of students answered the question in terms of disadvantages of other methods such as flame tests and this was not creditworthy. Some students suggested incorrectly that this instrumental method was more precise. A few students referred to the identification of multiple ions in a sample, but this was not considered to be a sufficiently creditworthy advantage. More than half of students gained credit here.

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  This question is about chemical analysis. Potassium bromide is used in medicine. A scientist tested a sample of medicine to show the presence of potassium ions and of bromide ions. The sample is soluble in water.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2H · Q5 · 9 marks

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  [05.2] This calculation was well done by many students, with more than three-quarters of students scoring the mark. The commonest error was to incorrectly calculate the relative formula mass of the compound due to missing the fact that the compound contained two atoms of sulfur and not one. More than three-quarters of students scored the mark.

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  Copper is extracted from metal ores. Chalcopyrite is a metal ore containing a compound with the formula CuFeS₂.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2023 · Paper 2H · Q6 · 7 marks

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  [06.1] Students had a very good knowledge of chromatography and around 75% of students scored two marks for this question. Incorrect responses included references to a lack of a lid and talking about the chromatography paper in general being in the water and not the starting line specifically.

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  This question is about chromatography. A student investigated an orange food colouring using two different types of chromatography paper. The food colouring contained a mixture of red and yellow dyes and was soluble in water. Table 3 shows results for a correctly set up apparatus (distances in cm): Type A paper — red dye moved 4.8, yellow dye moved 6.6, water moved 12.0, R_f values 0.40 (red) and 0.55 (yellow). Type B paper — red dye moved 5.4, yellow dye moved X, water moved 12.0, R_f values 0.45 (red) and 0.60 (yellow).

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2F · Q1 · 11 marks

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  [01.6] Nearly 50% of the students gained a mark for knowing the flame colour of sodium is yellow.

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  This question is about water. A student measured pure water. Another student evaporated four 50 cm³ sea-water samples and obtained solid masses 1.73, 1.70, 1.75 and 1.78 g. A different 50 cm³ sample contained 1.50 g dissolved solids.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2F · Q4 · 13 marks

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  [04.4] Students found this question challenging, with fewer than 15% of students recognising that yeast must be added.

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  Ethanol has formula C₂H₅OH and can be made by fermentation. Fuel E5 is 5% ethanol/95% petrol by mass; E10 is 10%/90%. Energy content: ethanol 30.0 MJ/kg, petrol 46.4 MJ/kg.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2F · Q7 · 7 marks

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  [07.2] Around 25% of the students gained both marks, but a significant number inverted the equation when carrying out the calculation. .

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  Ammonium nitrate is a nitrogen fertiliser sold in 600 kg bags. A farmer spreads 40 bags over 800000 m². Another fertiliser is K₂NH₄PO₄.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2F · Q8 · 9 marks

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  [08.6] The use of barium chloride or barium nitrate as the reagent for the test was generally followed by the correct result. The test was often incorrect, with the result, therefore, not able to be awarded a mark. The most common incorrect reponses were the use of a flame test or an incorrect reagent(s). Again, around 1% of students scored both the marks.

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  Copper electrical wire is insulated with poly(butene). Scrap copper can be recycled. Copper sulfate solution contains Cu²⁺ and sulfate ions.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2H · Q1 · 9 marks

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  [01.3] This was generally well answered as the copper melting and being reformed/moulded into new pipes were commonly seen. Responses referring to ‘heating the wire’ were insufficient to gain credit. Around 70% of the students scored both marks.

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  Copper electrical wire is insulated with poly(butene). Scrap copper can be recycled. Copper sulfate solution contains Cu²⁺ and sulfate ions.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2022 · Paper 2H · Q5 · 12 marks

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  [05.2] Half of the students were able to give the correct pair of concentrations in this multiple choice question.

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  Sea water initially contains 0.5 mol/dm³ each Na⁺/Cl^- and is treated by reverse osmosis then ozone. Ground water contains 0.001 mol/dm³ each, is filtered with concentrations unchanged, then exposed to ultraviolet light.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2F · Q2 · 13 marks

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  A student evaporates 50 cm3 filtered seawater. Empty dish mass=30.44 g; dish plus dry salt=30.49 g. Student Y distils without a water-cooled condenser; student Z uses one.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2F · Q3 · 13 marks

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  Window frames use poly(chloroethene), density 1.4 g/cm3 and relative strength 72, or HDPE, density 0.92 and strength 25. A 6.00 kg aluminium alloy contains 5.94 kg Al, 0.04 kg Mg and 0.02 kg Si.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2F · Q6 · 8 marks

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  Potash alum contains K+, Al3+ and sulfate ions. A solution concentration is 258 g/dm3.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2F · Q10 · 8 marks

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  A food colouring contains a dye. Rf=distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2H · Q3 · 8 marks

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  [03.2] Most students answered this question correctly.

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  A food colouring contains a dye. Rf=distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2021 · Paper 2H · Q7 · 9 marks

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  [07.5] Students found this difficult with many students unable to go beyond the need to acidify the solution being tested.

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  Potash alum is KAl(SO4)2.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2020 · Paper 2F · Q3 · 7 marks

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  Hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate lumps and produces carbon dioxide. A 2 mm-sided calcium carbonate cube is later divided into eight smaller cubes.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2020 · Paper 2F · Q8 · 8 marks

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  A student performs flame, hydroxide, sulfate and halide tests on copper sulfate and calcium iodide solutions.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2020 · Paper 2H · Q1 · 8 marks

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  [01.3] Few of the students were able to give correct precipitate colours for both copper and calcium ions. There was no real pattern in the incorrect responses, but green or brown were often seen.

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  A student performs flame, hydroxide, sulfate and halide tests on copper sulfate and calcium iodide solutions.

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• AQA 8462 · November 2020 · Paper 2H · Q4 · 8 marks

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  [04.5] A minority of students selected the correct response.

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  A green ink is separated by paper chromatography using water. Yellow dye travels 5.7 cm and has Rf=0.60.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2018 · Paper 2H · Q1 · 9 marks

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  [01.2] This was well answered. Copper was the most common answer given although a few gave barium and gained credit.

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  This question is about flame tests and tests for halide and sulfate ions.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2018 · Paper 2H · Q2 · 10 marks

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  [02.7] 45% of the students knew that hydrogen would be the gas produced.

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  Methylated spirit is a useful mixture containing 265.5 g ethanol, 23.3 g methanol, 3.0 g pyridine and 1.5 g methyl violet. Ethanol is made from sugar solution and reacts with sodium/oxidising agents.

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• AQA 8462 · June 2018 · Paper 2H · Q4 · 8 marks

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  [04.2] Many students described substances, inks and compounds rather than colours. Weaker responses merely described the pattern of the dots rather than the deductions that could be drawn from these patterns. Some students answered in terms of purity. 49% of students achieved both marks.

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  A flower-colour chromatography setup uses an ink start line and water although the colours do not dissolve in water. Colour A has Rf=0.65 and moves 3.2 cm.

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• AQA 8462 · sample1 · Paper 2F · Q10 · 8 marks

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  This question compares potable water from lakes, wastewater and seawater.

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• AQA 8462 · sample1 · Paper 2H · Q8 · 6 marks

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  Ammonium nitrate fertiliser labels give N-P-K proportions. Worldwide ammonia output and population rise together.

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